portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體; line-height: 38px; font-size: 19px;">portant; word-wrap: break-word !important;">在食品生產中,可以加以利用的褐變現象,如生產醬油、咖啡、紅茶以及烘烤面包時所呈現的褐變,是人們所希望出現的褐變。但是,大多數食品的褐變現象,往往帶來不良的反應,并且使食品的風味和營養價值降低,或者產生有害成分。根據發生的機制,褐變作用可以劃分為酶促褐變(portant; word-wrap: break-word !important;">生化褐變portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Calibri;">)portant; word-wrap: break-word !important;">及非酶褐變兩類。
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體; line-height: 42px; color: rgb(192, 0, 0); font-size: 21px;">1portant; word-wrap: break-word !important;">、酶促褐變
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體; line-height: 38px; font-size: 19px;">酶促褐變是在酶的作用下,發生的褐變作用,酶促褐變發生在水果、蔬菜等新鮮植物性食物中。一般認為,這種作用是需氧的。在大多數情況下,酶促褐變是一種不希望出現于食物中的變化。
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體; line-height: 38px; font-size: 19px;">食品中發生酶促褐變,必須具備三個條件,即:多酚類底物或一元酚、酚氧化酶和氧。三個條件,缺一不可。因此,欲控制食品中的酶促褐變,只需要改變其中的任何一個條件即可達到目的。
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體; line-height: 38px; font-size: 19px;">目前采用的控制方法,主要是從酶和氧入手的。
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體; font-weight: bold; font-size: 19px;">(1)portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體; line-height: 38px; font-size: 19px;">酶抑制劑法
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體; line-height: 38px; font-size: 19px;">酚酶的抑制劑有二氧化硫、亞硫酸鈉、亞硫酸氫鈉等,在食品中加入或滲入這些抑制劑后,酚酶即可以失活。
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體; font-weight: bold; font-size: 19px;">(2)portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體; line-height: 38px; font-size: 19px;">熱處理方法
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體; line-height: 38px; font-size: 19px;">加熱食品,使酚酶失活,即可控制褐變的發生。這種方法是使用最廣泛的一類方法,其關鍵是要在最短時間內鈍化酶而又不使食品質量下降。
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體; font-weight: bold; font-size: 19px;">(3)portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體; line-height: 38px; font-size: 19px;">酸處理法
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體; line-height: 38px; font-size: 19px;">portant; word-wrap: break-word !important;">酚酶的最適pHportant; word-wrap: break-word !important;">值在portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Calibri;">6portant; word-wrap: break-word !important;">~portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Calibri;">7portant; word-wrap: break-word !important;">之間,當portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Calibri;">pH<3portant; word-wrap: break-word !important;">時,酚酶失去活性。因此,選用合適的食用酸,如檸檬酸、蘋果酸、抗壞血酸,使食品的portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Calibri;">pHportant; word-wrap: break-word !important;">值小于portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Calibri;">3portant; word-wrap: break-word !important;">,即可防止褐變的發生。
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體; font-weight: bold; font-size: 19px;">(4)portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體; line-height: 38px; font-size: 19px;">驅氧法
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體; line-height: 38px; font-size: 19px;">無氧可以防止褐變。最簡單的方法是將食品浸沒在清水、糖水或鹽水中。但是由于水中能吸附少量的氧氣,所以,這種處理方法仍可以便褐變以緩慢的速度進行。
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體; font-weight: bold; font-size: 19px;">(5)portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體; line-height: 38px; font-size: 19px;">底物替代法
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體; line-height: 38px; font-size: 19px;">加入酚酶底物類似物肉桂酸、對位香豆酸及阿魏酸等酚酸可以對某些褐變起到控制作用。
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體; font-weight: bold; font-size: 19px;">(6)portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體; line-height: 38px; font-size: 19px;">底物甲基化法
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體; line-height: 38px; font-size: 19px;">利用甲基轉移酶,將鄰二羥基化合物進行甲基接枝,生成的這種類似portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體; font-size: 19px; line-height: 38px;">愈瘡木酚和阿魏酸的甲基化物,便不能被酚酶作用。目前所采用的甲基轉移酶,主要是S—腺苷蛋氨酸,它可以使兒茶酚轉變為愈瘡木酚、咖啡酸轉變為阿魏酸、綠原酸轉變為portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 19px; line-height: 38px; font-family: Calibri;">3portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體; font-size: 19px; line-height: 38px;">—阿魏酰金雞納酸。
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體; line-height: 42px; color: rgb(192, 0, 0); font-size: 21px;">2portant; word-wrap: break-word !important;">、非酶褐變
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體; line-height: 38px; font-size: 19px;">非酶褐變,故名思義是指沒有酶參與的一類褐變。這種褐變作用,大多發生在食品的熱加工及長期貯存過程中。非酶褐變主要有三種類型,即:羰氨反應褐變、焦糖化褐變和抗壞血酸氧化褐變。
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體; font-weight: bold; font-size: 19px;">(1)portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體; line-height: 38px; font-size: 19px;">羰氨反應褐變
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體; line-height: 38px; font-size: 19px;">又稱為美拉德反應,是指氨基化合物和羰基化合物在加熱時形成褐色物質的反應。一般認為,羰氨反應是加熱或長期貯存后的食品發生褐變的主要原因。
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體; font-weight: bold; font-size: 19px;">(2)portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體; line-height: 38px; font-size: 19px;">焦糖化褐變
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體; line-height: 38px; font-size: 19px;">portant; word-wrap: break-word !important;">焦糖化作用可以產生黑褐色的色素物質,是一種很常見的現象。這種褐變作用的發生范圍廣泛,但產物卻比較簡單。其產物主要為糖的脫水物(portant; word-wrap: break-word !important;">焦糖或醬色portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Calibri;">)portant; word-wrap: break-word !important;">以及裂解產物portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Calibri;">(portant; word-wrap: break-word !important;">揮發性醛酮portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Calibri;">)portant; word-wrap: break-word !important;">。
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體; font-weight: bold; font-size: 19px;">(3)portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體; line-height: 38px; font-size: 19px;">抗壞血酸氧化褐變
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體; line-height: 38px; font-size: 19px;">柑橘等果汁在貯藏過程中,其抗壞血酸成分會發生自動氧化,放portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體; font-size: 19px; line-height: 38px;">出二氧化碳,使果汁的色澤變禍暗。抗壞血酸的氧化褐變作用,與體系的pH值和金屬離子有很大的關系。portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 19px; line-height: 38px; font-family: Calibri;">pH<5.0portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體; font-size: 19px; line-height: 38px;">時,抗壞血酸生成脫氫抗壞血酸的速度緩慢,并且是可逆反應:portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 19px; line-height: 38px; font-family: Calibri;">pHportant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體; font-size: 19px; line-height: 38px;">為portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 19px; line-height: 38px; font-family: Calibri;">2.0portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體; font-size: 19px; line-height: 38px;">~portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 19px; line-height: 38px; font-family: Calibri;">3.5portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體; font-size: 19px; line-height: 38px;">時,褐變作用與portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 19px; line-height: 38px; font-family: Calibri;">pHportant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體; font-size: 19px; line-height: 38px;">值成反比;銅、鐵等金屬離子則可以加快褐變作用的速度。抗壞血酸的氧化褐變也可以被植物體內含有的抗壞血酸氧化酶加以催化,特別是在組織受損與空氣良好接觸時,尤為明顯。
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體; font-weight: bold; font-size: 19px;">(4)portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體; line-height: 38px; font-size: 19px;">非酶禍變的結果及其控制
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體; line-height: 38px; font-size: 19px;">非酶褐變可以形成食品的呈味成分和香氣成分,從而賦與食品或好或壞的味感和嗅感。使食品質量變差的褐變,還可以表現為對營養價值的影響,例如氨基酸,特別是限制性氨基酸的損失,可以直接地發生在羰氨反應褐變過程中。一般認為,
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體; line-height: 38px; color: rgb(95, 12, 1); font-size: 19px;">非酶褐變的結果有以下幾個方面:
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體; line-height: 38px; font-size: 19px;">①產生二氧化碳
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體; line-height: 38px; font-size: 19px;">portant; word-wrap: break-word !important;">雖然直到現在人們仍沒有搞清楚具體的內容細節,但是可以肯定α—氨基酸與葡萄糖類的羰氨反應以及抗壞血酸的褐變反應過程中都可以產生二氧化碳。
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體; line-height: 38px; font-size: 19px;">②酸度的增加
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體; line-height: 38px; font-size: 19px;">portant; word-wrap: break-word !important;">許多褐變反應可以生成有機酸物質,從而使體系的pHportant; word-wrap: break-word !important;">值發生降低。
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體; line-height: 38px; font-size: 19px;">③抗氧化能力增強
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體; line-height: 38px; font-size: 19px;">當葡萄糖與賴氨酸共存焙烤褐變時,可以對食品中的油脂氧化起到portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體; font-size: 19px; line-height: 38px;">有效地抑制作用。這種隨食品褐變反應的進行,而產生的食品抗氧化能力增強的原因,據認為是褐變生成的醛、酮等還原性物質在起作用。
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體; line-height: 38px; font-size: 19px;">④蛋白質溶解度降低
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體; line-height: 38px; font-size: 19px;">在脫脂大豆粉和奶粉中加糖,在貯存過程中發生的褐變作用可以使蛋白質的溶解度降低。
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體; line-height: 38px; font-size: 19px;">⑤產生熒光
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體; line-height: 38px; font-size: 19px;">還原糖在褐變過程中,常可以觀察到熒光現象的發生,并且反應速度越慢,熒光越明顯。目前只是認為這利,熒光可能是由某些中間產物產生的,但具體過程尚不清楚。
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體; line-height: 38px; font-size: 19px;">⑥營養價值的降低
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體; line-height: 38px; font-size: 19px;">褐變過程中,食品營養價值的降低有兩種途徑:其一是營養素成分
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體; line-height: 38px; font-size: 19px;">參與了褐變反應,如氨基酸、蛋白質與碳水化合物的禍變反應以及抗壞血酸的氧化褐變等,而產生對人體不能利用或營養價值低下的產物;其二是營養素成分被牽連破壞,或者是不容易被消化吸收。使食品產生不良色香味以及營養質量下降的褐變,必須加以控制。目前,對
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體; line-height: 38px; color: rgb(95, 12, 1); font-size: 19px;">非酶褐變的控制方法,大致有以下兒種:
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體; line-height: 38px; font-size: 19px;">①降溫
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體; line-height: 38px; font-size: 19px;">溫度降低,可以減緩反應速度。
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體; line-height: 38px; font-size: 19px;">②降低濃度
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體; line-height: 38px; font-size: 19px;">濃度降低,也可以減慢反應速度。
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體; line-height: 38px; font-size: 19px;">③改變portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Calibri;">pHportant; word-wrap: break-word !important;">值
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體; line-height: 38px; font-size: 19px;">portant; word-wrap: break-word !important;">羰氨反應在堿性條件下容易進行,焦糖化作用在偏堿性環境中反應速度更快,抗壞血酸氧化作用速度則在pH2.0portant; word-wrap: break-word !important;">~portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Calibri;">3.5portant; word-wrap: break-word !important;">時與portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Calibri;">pHportant; word-wrap: break-word !important;">值成反比,所以改變食品體系的portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Calibri;">pHportant; word-wrap: break-word !important;">值,可以在一定程度上控制反應速度。
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體; line-height: 38px; font-size: 19px;">④改變糖類
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體; line-height: 38px; font-size: 19px;">使用不易發生褐變作用的糖類,可以大大降低反應速度。
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體; line-height: 38px; font-size: 19px;">⑤生化降低
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體; line-height: 38px; font-size: 19px;">利用微生物除去褐變反應物糖類;可以在某些特殊食品生產中加以應用。
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體; line-height: 38px; font-size: 19px;">⑥化學物質阻斷
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體; line-height: 38px; font-size: 19px;">用亞硫酸與羰基反應;可以抑制羰氨反應;用氯化鈣與氨基酸反應,也有褐變阻斷的作用。